RNA in circulation: sources and functions of extracellular exogenous RNA in blood

in Nelson, Karen (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Metagenomics (2014)

Molecules of many kinds are abundant in circulating blood and play a wide range of important roles, both known and unknown. These include macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids and a wide range of ... [more ▼]

Molecules of many kinds are abundant in circulating blood and play a wide range of important roles, both known and unknown. These include macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids and a wide range of smaller molecules. A number of questions are raised by recent findings of stable RNA molecules in plasma that is circulating RNA outside of cells. Among the issues that need to be addressed are: what are the origins of these RNA molecules; what are the mechanisms by which they enter and are stabilized in the blood; what are their possible biological functions; and finally, what are the potential applications of these extracellular RNA molecules in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine? While the precise biological functions remain to be pinned down, extracellular RNA has been proposed as a vehicle for a previously unknown cell-cell communication system. Recent reports of the detection of foreign, exogenous sources of some of the extracellular RNA have thus intensified the need to investigate and understand these processes. This overview summarizes the findings, some recent developments, and the current state of research in the circulating RNA field, and some of the key open questions in the field are specifically addressed. [less ▲]

Fonds d'investissement alternatifs - FIA

in LAMY Droit du financement (2014)

Européanisation

in Lambert Abdelgawad, Elisabeth; Michel, Hélène (Eds.) Dictionnaire des acteurs de l'Europe (2014)

Les franchissement de seuils

in Encyclopedia of Corporate Law (2013)

Schlagvolumen des Herzens

in Wirtz, M. A. (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Stress- und Immunreaktion, präoperative.

in Wirtz, Markus (Ed.) Dorsch – Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Autorhythmie

in Wirtz, M. A. (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Elektrodermale Aktivität, Kennwerte

in Wirtz, M. A. (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Herzratenvariabilität

in Wirtz, M. A. (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Elektrokardiogramm

in Wirtz, M. A. (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Kardiovaskuläre Aktivität

in Wirtz, M. A. (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Schweißdrüsen, ekkrine

in Wirtz, M. A. (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Der Philister vor, in und nach der Geschichte

in Benz, Wolfgang (Ed.) Handbuch des Antisemitismus (2013)

OPCVM

in LAMY Droit du financement (2013)

Dividendes

in Dictionnaire Joly Sociétés (2013)

The Encyclopedia of Ancient History

in Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B. (Eds.) et al Augusta Treverorum (Trier) (2013)

„Bildung ist Bürgerrecht“: Was ist aus der Dahrendorfschen Forderung geworden?

in Dippelhofer-Stiem, Barbara; Dippelhofer, Sebastian (Eds.) Enzyklopädie Erziehungswissenschaft Online (EEO), Fachgebiet Erziehungs- und Bildungssoziologie (2013)

Faktorenanalyse, konfirmatorische

in Wirtz, Markus Antonius (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Rotation

in Wirtz, Markus Antonius (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Idiozentrismus-Allozentrismus

in Wirtz, Markus (Ed.) Dorsch Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Epitexte: Begriffsexplikation

in Binczek, Natalie; Dembeck, Till; Schäfer, Jörgen (Eds.) Handbuch Medien der Literatur (2013)

Literarische Gattungen: Begriffsexplikation, c) Neuzeit/Moderne

in Binczek, Natalie; Dembeck, Till; Schäfer, Jörgen (Eds.) Handbuch Medien der Literatur (2013)

Textreproduktion: e) Schallaufzeichnung

in Binczek, Natalie; Dembeck, Till; Schäfer, Jörgen (Eds.) Handbuch Medien der Literatur (2013)

Faktoren-Theorem, fundamentales

in Wirtz, Markus Antonius (Ed.) Dorsch - Lexikon der Psychologie (2013)

Historisierende Wissensbegriffe

in Bonk, Thomas (Ed.) Lexikon der Erkenntnistheorie (2013)

Der diskrete Charme des Marktes: Zur sozialen Problematik der Marktwirtschaft

in Oesterdiekhof, Georg W. (Ed.) Lexikon der soziologischen Werke (2013)

Citizenship Education

in THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS (2013)

The OHADA Cooperative Regulation

in Ficy, Henry (Ed.) International handbook of cooperative law (2013)

Der Verwaltungsrat von Finanzintermediären in Liechtenstein: Rahmenvorgaben, Organisation, Aufgaben und Strukturen

in Handbuch Aufsichts- und Verwaltungsräte von Kreditinstituten (2013)

La structure institutionnelle de l'Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF)

in Conac, Pierre-Henri (Ed.) Dictionnaire Joly Bourse et Produits Financiers (2013)

Wirtschaftskrimi

in Wulff, Hans Jürgen (Ed.) Lexikon der Filmbegriffe (2012)

V° Effets des titres étrangers en France

in Crocq, P.; Brenner, C. (Eds.) Lamy Droit de l'execution forcée (2012)

Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics

in Encyclopedia of Thermal Stress (2012)

Cultural Awareness in Multilingual Education

in The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (2012)

“Cultural awareness,” as a quick Internet search will show, is a widely used phrase and consequently has no single precise meaning. It is used to refer to awareness of diversity within a society and among ... [more ▼]

“Cultural awareness,” as a quick Internet search will show, is a widely used phrase and consequently has no single precise meaning. It is used to refer to awareness of diversity within a society and among societies. It is often associated with “training,” involving specific activities which draw attention to diversity and encourage and deliberately develop positive attitudes and understanding. Such training is directed at adults in their professional and working lives. It is linked through this to “intercultural competence” which is based in part on heightened cultural awareness and which is itself fundamental to “intercultural communication.” This field of activity and study is well enough established to have spawned “handbooks” (e.g., Straub, Weidemann, & Weidemann, 2007; Deardorff, 2009) and many textbooks (e.g., Holliday, Hyde, & Kullman, 2004; Jandt, 2004; Chen & Starosta, 2005). [less ▲]

Lex mercatoria, Dictionnaire des sources

in Lex mercatoria, Dictionnaire des sources (2012)

Intercultural Learning

in Chapelle, Carol A. (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (2012)

Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002)

in Horn, Klaus-Peter; Kemnitz, Heidemarie; Marotzki, Winfried (Eds.) et al Klinkhardt Lexikon Erziehungswissenschaft KLE Band 1: Aa, Karl von der – Gruppenprozesse (2012)

Organes consultatifs

in Jurisclasseur Europe (2012)

Amicus curiae, Dictionnaire Lascaux

in Amicus curiae, Dictionnaire Lascaux (2012)

Fausse information en matière boursière

in LAMY Droit pénal des affaires (2012)

Transfer

in Hu, Adelheid; Byram, Michael (Eds.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning (2012)

OPCI

in LAMY Droit du financement (2012)

Mexican Drug War: Six years of violent clashes

in Majer, Marián; Ondrejcsák, Róbert; Tarasovič, Vladimír (Eds.) Panorama of global security environment 2012 (2012)

Germaine Tailleferre

in Borchard, Beatrix (Ed.) Musik und Gender im Internet (2011)

(R)évolutions techniques. Vie économique

in Musée de la Vie Wallonne Guide du visiteur (2011)

Rettungsanstalten

in Horn, Klaus-Peter; Kemnitz, Heidemarie; Marotzki, Winfried (Eds.) et al Klinkhardt Lexikon Erziehungswissenschaft (2011)

Zweifel

in Neues Handbuch Philosophischer Grundbegriffe (2011)

Sustainability

in Morris, A. (Ed.) Encylopedia of Energy (2011)

Palmerston English

in Kortmann, Bernd; Lunkenheimer, Kerstin (Eds.) The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties in English (eWAVE) (2011)

Palmerston English is spoken by just over 50 people on a remote atoll of the Cook Islands in the South Pacific. In 1863, the Englishman William Ma(r)sters settled on Palmerston with several Polynesian ... [more ▼]

Palmerston English is spoken by just over 50 people on a remote atoll of the Cook Islands in the South Pacific. In 1863, the Englishman William Ma(r)sters settled on Palmerston with several Polynesian women from the Northern Group of the Cook Islands. Marsters ruled the island in an autocratic style: only English was allowed to be spoken and it is recorded that the children from his various wives spoke English with a strong British accent. The perpetuation of the speech was more difficult for the women than for the men because they did not have a direct female example from Britain to imitate. The three branches of the family are now in their 8th generation and their offspring live mainly in Rarotonga, Aitutaki, New Zealand and Australia (several thousand people, with a varying degree of competence in the language, depending on the contact retained with Palmerston). [less ▲]

Pentathlon Moderne

in Attali, M.; Saint-Martin, J. (Eds.) Dictionnaire Culturel du Sport (2010)