Cyberharcèlement - Quoi faire?

Presentation (2015, November 28)

Cybermenaces, enjeux et sécurité : entretien avec Stéphane Bortzmeyer et Mohsen Souissi (Afnic)

in Flux: Cahiers Scientifiques Internationaux Réseaux et Territoires (2020), 2019/4

Si les cyberattaques récentes au Moyen-Orient, menées via les noms de domaine, ont eu un vaste écho médiatique fin février 2019, tandis que la revue Défense et Sécurité Internationale consacrait un ... [more ▼]

Si les cyberattaques récentes au Moyen-Orient, menées via les noms de domaine, ont eu un vaste écho médiatique fin février 2019, tandis que la revue Défense et Sécurité Internationale consacrait un dossier spécial à la techno-guérilla, les menaces qui pèsent sur les réseaux informatiques ne sont pas nouvelles. L’Afnic – Association Française pour le Nommage Internet en Coopération –, gestionnaire historique du .fr, fait partie des acteurs français confrontés au quotidien aux enjeux de sécurité des réseaux Internet et veille notamment à la sécurité des noms de domaine et au bon fonctionnement du .fr, en terme de disponibilité mais aussi d’intégrité. Mohsen Souissi, alors Responsable des Sécurité des Sys- tèmes d’information (RSSI) à l’Afnic, qu’il a intégrée en 2000 et où il était précédemment responsable Recherche et développement (R&D) de 2007 à 2016, et Stéphane Bortzmeyer, auteur de Cyberstructure (C&F Éditions, 2018) et ingénieur à l’Afnic depuis seize ans, après avoir été administrateur pour plusieurs systèmes et réseaux universitaires et de centres de recherche, reviennent sur les cybermenaces et les enjeux de sécurité auxquels ils sont confrontés. [less ▲]

The Cybernetic Self and its Discontents: Care and Self-Care in the Information Society

in Bührmann, Andrea D.; Ernst, Stefanie (Eds.) Care or Control of the Self? Norbert Elias, Michel Foucault, and the Subject in the 21st Century (2010)

A Cybersecurity Incident: Who You Gonna Call?

Scientific Conference (2022, May 25)

Cybersecurity of Robotics and Autonomous Systems: Privacy and Safety

in Dekoulis, George (Ed.) Robotics - Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts (2017)

Robots and autonomous systems in general are set to suffer similar cybersecurity problems that computers have been facing for decades. This is not only worrying for critical tasks such as those performed ... [more ▼]

Robots and autonomous systems in general are set to suffer similar cybersecurity problems that computers have been facing for decades. This is not only worrying for critical tasks such as those performed by surgical, or military robots but also for household robots such as vacuum cleaners or for teleconference robots compromise privacy and safety of their owners. What will happen if these robots are hacked? This study presents a survey on the cybersecurity attacks associated with service robots, and as a result, a taxonomy that classifies the risks faced by users when using service robots, distinguish ing between security and safety threads, is presented. We also present the robot software development phase as one the most relevant ones for the security of robots. [less ▲]

Cybersecurity, the AI Act and the 'State of the Art'

Presentation (2021, November 12)

A cyclic extension of the earthquake flow I

in Geometry and Topology (2013), 17(1), 157--234

Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to the selective induction of cell death by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in hepatic stellate cells.

in Biochemical and biophysical research communications (2016), 470(3), 678-84

The endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) is an anti-fibrotic lipid mediator that induces apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but not in hepatocytes. However, the exact molecular ... [more ▼]

The endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) is an anti-fibrotic lipid mediator that induces apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but not in hepatocytes. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of this selective induction of HSC death are still unresolved. Interestingly, the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, COX-2, can metabolize 2-AG to pro-apoptotic prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-GEs). We analyzed the roles of COX-2 and endocannabinoid-derived PG-GEs in the differential susceptibility of primary activated HSCs and hepatocytes toward 2-AG-induced cell death. HSCs displayed significant COX-2 expression in contrast to hepatocytes. Similar to 2-AG, treatment of HSCs with PGD2-GE dose-dependently induced cell death independently from cannabinoid receptors that was accompanied by PARP- and caspase 3-cleavage. In contrast to 2-AG, PGD2-GE failed to induce significant ROS formation in HSCs, and depletion of membrane cholesterol did not rescue HSCs from PGD2-GE-induced apoptosis. These findings indicate differential engagement of initial intracellular signaling pathways by 2-AG and its COX-2-derived metabolite PGD2-GE, but similar final cell death pathways. Other PG-GEs, such as PGE2-or PGF2alpha-GE did not induce apoptosis in HSCs. Primary rat hepatocytes were mainly resistant against 2-AG- and PGD2-GE-induced apoptosis. HSCs, but not hepatocytes were able to metabolize 2-AG to PGD2-GE. As a proof of principle, HSCs from COX-2(-/-) mice lacked PDG2-GE production after 2-AG treatment. Accordingly, COX-2(-/-) HSCs were resistant against 2-AG-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, the divergent expression of COX-2 in HSCs and hepatocytes contributes to the different susceptibility of these cell types towards 2-AG-induced cell death due to the generation of pro-apoptotic PGD2-GE by COX-2 in HSCs. Modulation of COX-2-driven metabolization of 2-AG may provide a novel physiological concept allowing the specific targeting of HSCs in liver fibrosis. [less ▲]

Cylinder size affects cat performance in the motor self-regulation task

in Applied ethology 2017 (2017, August)

We tested domestic cats in the so-called cylinder task, and found that they perform better if the cylinder is larger. We also found that their highest performance parallels that of great apes and corvids ... [more ▼]

We tested domestic cats in the so-called cylinder task, and found that they perform better if the cylinder is larger. We also found that their highest performance parallels that of great apes and corvids, which are known as the best performing animals on this task. The cylinder task is used to test animals’ motor self-regulation: the inhibition of unproductive, but prepotent, movements in favour of productive movements that require a slight detour. Recently a large- scale study tested 36 species on this task and found that absolute brain size correlate with the performance; with great apes as top performers. Another study showed that corvids perform as good as great apes despite having smaller absolute brain size. We questioned whether average brained animals has as poor motor self-regulation as suggested, as it appears highly maladaptive; instead the results could be a reflection of the sensorimotor set-up of different species in relation to the materials used. No cats has yet been tested on the task. As ambush and sneak hunters, cats would arguably have high levels of motor self-regulation, but on the other hand their brain size and neuronal numbers are not above average in mammals. Eight adult domestic cats were tested in four versions of the task. We manipulated the size and materials to test whether that influenced performance: two large cylinders (16 cm diameter) out of glass and plastic respectively, and two small cylinders (9 cm diameter) of the same two materials. Each of the four conditions had two phases with a 24-hour delay in between. Each phase consisted of 10 consecutive trials. On the first day, a subject learned to retrieve a reward from an opaque cylinder. Next day, the cat was tested on a transparent cylinder. A retrieval of the reward without touching the cylinder’s front counted as a successful trial. The success rate differed between conditions, and reached 98.75% in the ‘big glass’ condition, and 97.5% in the ‘big plastic’ condition, and 83.75% in the ‘small glass’, and finally 73.75% in the ‘small plastic’ condition. Two-Factor ANOVA for two within variables revealed a significant main effect of the cylinder size on the success rate [F(1,7)=64.06, P<0.001]. Neither a main effect of the material nor an interaction effect of size and material was statistically significant. The size effect was seen in all subjects. Failure rates did not decrease over time in any condition, so no learning curve was detected. Our results show that cats parallel great apes and corvids in the cylinder task as long as it is 16 cm in diameter and made of glass, despite their average mammalian neural characteristics. There are several possible explanations such as that a bigger size allows for more options of retrieval (e.g. mouth or paw), and/or requires less precise retrieval; it could also be that the distance to the reward is perceived as different. This calls into question whether the large-scale study took into account the sensorimotor architecture of each species, and more importantly, whether the task always measures motor self-regulation. [less ▲]

Cytokine-mediated modulation of the hepatic miRNome: miR-146b-5p is an IL-6-inducible miRNA with multiple targets.

in Journal of leukocyte biology (2018)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type cytokines play important roles in liver (patho-)biology. For instance, they regulate the acute phase response to inflammatory signals and are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis ... [more ▼]

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-type cytokines play important roles in liver (patho-)biology. For instance, they regulate the acute phase response to inflammatory signals and are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Much is known about the regulation of protein-coding genes by cytokines whereas their effects on the miRNome is less well understood. We performed a microarray screen to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) in human hepatocytes which are modulated by IL-6-type cytokines. Using samples of 2 donors, 27 and 68 miRNAs (out of 1,733) were found to be differentially expressed upon stimulation with hyper-IL-6 (HIL-6) for up to 72 h, with an overlap of 15 commonly regulated miRNAs. qPCR validation revealed that miR-146b-5p was also consistently up-regulated in hepatocytes derived from 2 other donors. Interestingly, miR-146b-5p (but not miR-146a-5p) was induced by IL-6-type cytokines (HIL-6 and OSM) in non-transformed liver-derived PH5CH8 and THLE2 cells and in Huh-7 hepatoma cells, but not in HepG2 or Hep3B hepatoma cells. We did not find evidence for a differential regulation of miR-146b-5p expression by promoter methylation, also when analyzing the TCGA data set on liver cancer samples. Inducible overexpression of miR-146b-5p in PH5CH8 cells followed by RNA-Seq analysis revealed effects on multiple mRNAs, including those encoding IRAK1 and TRAF6 crucial for Toll-like receptor signaling. Indeed, LPS-mediated signaling was attenuated upon overexpression of miR-146b-5p, suggesting a regulatory loop to modulate inflammatory signaling in hepatocytes. Further validation experiments suggest DNAJC6, MAGEE1, MPHOSPH6, PPP2R1B, SLC10A3, SNRNP27, and TIMM17B to be novel targets for miR-146b-5p (and miR-146a-5p). [less ▲]