Le système scolaire luxembourgeois : aperçu et tendances

in LUCET; SCRIPT (Eds.) Rapport national sur l'éducation au Luxembourg 2018 (2018)

Cet article donne un aperçu des principaux faits et chiffres du système scolaire luxembourgeois et présente les développements réalisés au cours des dernières années. L’accent est mis en particulier sur ... [more ▼]

Cet article donne un aperçu des principaux faits et chiffres du système scolaire luxembourgeois et présente les développements réalisés au cours des dernières années. L’accent est mis en particulier sur la transition de l’enseignement fondamental à l’enseignement secondaire. À cet égard, d’importantes différences sont en partie observées en fonction du sexe, des nationalités et entre différentes communes du Luxembourg. [less ▲]

Les systèmes automatisés vont-ils redéfinir la nature du combat terrestre ?

Report (2020)

L’analyse des doctrines des grandes puissances étrangères confirme une tendance à la massification des systèmes automatisés (SA) et une progressive autonomisation de leurs capacités aussi bien létales que ... [more ▼]

L’analyse des doctrines des grandes puissances étrangères confirme une tendance à la massification des systèmes automatisés (SA) et une progressive autonomisation de leurs capacités aussi bien létales que non létales. A cet égard, les principales puissances, USA, Chine, Russie, Israël, préparent le déploiement de Systèmes d’Armes Autonomes Létaux (SALA) sous supervision humaine, à la différence d’autres Etats comme la France et le Canada qui refusent de déshumaniser le combat. Ce phénomène appelé à se développer du fait des progrès techniques et informatiques, pourrait connaître une accélération avec la maîtrise de l’intelligence artificielle et les progrès de miniaturisation. Cette prolifération pouvant se faire de manière discrète puisque la composition des SALA n’implique pas, pour une majeure partie, de composants soumis à un contrôle de la communauté internationale. Cette menace impacte notablement la plupart des huit facteurs de supériorité opérationnelle retenus par l’armée de Terre, sensibles à l’apparition de nouveaux moyens automatiques et autonomes, et doit conduire les forces à évoluer en termes capacitaires (Doctrine, Organisation, R-H, Entrainement, Soutien, Equipement). Il s’agit ainsi, de moderniser progressivement les forces terrestres françaises par l’introduction de systèmes d’armes automatiques et adaptés à la lutte contre les SALA en assurant leur compatibilité avec les moyens existants, en particulier le système infovalorisé SCORPION. Pour garantir l’efficacité des forces aéroterrestres, il faut savoir tirer le meilleur parti des modules et plateformes automatiques, tout en préservant la place centrale de l’Homme. Cet impératif nécessitera d’accorder une attention particulière, au rythme d’introduction des systèmes autonomes dans les forces, au type de missions qui leurs sont confiées et à la relation Homme/Machine, par le développement de systèmes préservant la cohérence de l’action malgré une automatisation progressive de leurs fonctions. Toutefois, il ne faudrait pas que le respect de principes éthiques empêche d’anticiper les risques constitués par le déploiement de SALA par l’adversaire. Dans cette perspective, la protection de la force avec des moyens adaptés constitue un autre impératif, tout aussi important. En effet, l’introduction de systèmes létaux autonomes en masse par un adversaire pourrait faire notablement évoluer la nature du combat. Une force ennemie ainsi dotée de très nombreux SALA, agissant au sol et près du sol, pourrait tirer parti au cours d’un engagement d’un effet de saturation et de relative insensibilité aux pertes matérielles en privilégiant la brutalité à la manœuvre. [less ▲]

A systemic approach to interpersonal relationships and activities among French teleworkers

in New Technology, Work and Employment (2014), 29(2), 177-192

Within a systemic and interactional approach, this study seeks to understand how French teleworkers (re)organise their relationships with others as well as their activities. Lexical analysis of interviews ... [more ▼]

Within a systemic and interactional approach, this study seeks to understand how French teleworkers (re)organise their relationships with others as well as their activities. Lexical analysis of interviews with 24 telecommuters (nomadic, alternating and working at home full-time) confirms and complements the results in the literature in this field. On one hand, the findings confirmed a decline in the quality of professional relationships due to their being mediated through technology. On the other hand, there was a distinction between the ways in which different types of teleworkers ascribed meaning and adapted their activities and business, family and social relationships. [less ▲]

Systemic operational risk − Spillover effects of large operational losses in the European banking industry

in Journal of Risk Finance (2017), 18(3),

Systemisches und räumliches Denken in der geographischen Bildung. Erste Ergebnisse zur Überprüfung eines Modells der Geographischen Systemkompetenz

Scientific Conference (2011, April 06)

Systems Analyses Reveal Physiological Roles and Genetic Regulators of Liver Lipid Species.

in Cell systems (2018), 6(6), 722-7336

The genetics of individual lipid species and their relevance in disease is largely unresolved. We profiled a subset of storage, signaling, membrane, and mitochondrial liver lipids across 385 mice from 47 ... [more ▼]

The genetics of individual lipid species and their relevance in disease is largely unresolved. We profiled a subset of storage, signaling, membrane, and mitochondrial liver lipids across 385 mice from 47 strains of the BXD mouse population fed chow or high-fat diet and integrated these data with complementary multi-omics datasets. We identified several lipid species and lipid clusters with specific phenotypic and molecular signatures and, in particular, cardiolipin species with signatures of healthy and fatty liver. Genetic analyses revealed quantitative trait loci for 68% of the lipids (lQTL). By multi-layered omics analyses, we show the reliability of lQTLs to uncover candidate genes that can regulate the levels of lipid species. Additionally, we identified lQTLs that mapped to genes associated with abnormal lipid metabolism in human GWASs. This work provides a foundation and resource for understanding the genetic regulation and physiological significance of lipid species. [less ▲]

A systems approach reveals distinct metabolic strategies among the NCI-60 cancer cell lines

in PLoS Computational Biology (2017)

Systems approaches to modelling pathways and networks

in Briefings in Functional Genomics (2011), 10(5), 266-279

It has become commonly accepted that systems approaches to biology are of outstanding importance to gain understanding from the vast amount of data which is presently being generated by advancing high ... [more ▼]

It has become commonly accepted that systems approaches to biology are of outstanding importance to gain understanding from the vast amount of data which is presently being generated by advancing high-throughput technologies. The diversity of methods to model pathways and networks has significantly expanded over the past two decades. Modern and traditional approaches are equally important and recent activities aim at integrating the advantages of both. While traditional methods, based on differential equations, are useful to study the dynamics of small systems, modern constraint-based models can be applied to genome-scale systems, but are not able to capture dynamic features. Integrating different approaches is important to develop consistent theoretical descriptions encompassing various scales of biological information. The rapid progress of the field of theoretical systems biology, however, demonstrates how our fundamental theoretical understanding of biology is gaining momentum. The scientific community has apparently accepted the challenge to truly understand the principles of life. [less ▲]

A systems biology approach to drug targets in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.

in PLoS ONE (2012), 7(4), 34337

Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem in the health care system and we are in a constant race with evolving bacteria. Biofilm-associated growth is thought to play a key role in bacterial ... [more ▼]

Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem in the health care system and we are in a constant race with evolving bacteria. Biofilm-associated growth is thought to play a key role in bacterial adaptability and antibiotic resistance. We employed a systems biology approach to identify candidate drug targets for biofilm-associated bacteria by imitating specific microenvironments found in microbial communities associated with biofilm formation. A previously reconstructed metabolic model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was used to study the effect of gene deletion on bacterial growth in planktonic and biofilm-like environmental conditions. A set of 26 genes essential in both conditions was identified. Moreover, these genes have no homology with any human gene. While none of these genes were essential in only one of the conditions, we found condition-dependent genes, which could be used to slow growth specifically in biofilm-associated PA. Furthermore, we performed a double gene deletion study and obtained 17 combinations consisting of 21 different genes, which were conditionally essential. While most of the difference in double essential gene sets could be explained by different medium composition found in biofilm-like and planktonic conditions, we observed a clear effect of changes in oxygen availability on the growth performance. Eight gene pairs were found to be synthetic lethal in oxygen-limited conditions. These gene sets may serve as novel metabolic drug targets to combat particularly biofilm-associated PA. Taken together, this study demonstrates that metabolic modeling of human pathogens can be used to identify oxygen-sensitive drug targets and thus, that this systems biology approach represents a powerful tool to identify novel candidate antibiotic targets. [less ▲]

A systems biology approach to identify niche determinants of cellular phenotypes

in Stem Cell Research (2016)

Recent reports indicate a dominant role for cellular microenvironment or niche for stably maintaining cellular phenotypic states. Identification of key niche mediated signaling that maintains stem cells ... [more ▼]

Recent reports indicate a dominant role for cellular microenvironment or niche for stably maintaining cellular phenotypic states. Identification of key niche mediated signaling that maintains stem cells in specific phenotypic states remains a challenge, mainly due to the complex and dynamic nature of stem cell-niche interactions. In order to overcome this, we consider that stem cells maintain their phenotypic state by experiencing a constant effect created by the niche by integrating its signals via signaling pathways. Such a constant niche effect should induce sustained activation/inhibition of specific stem cell signaling pathways that controls the gene regulatory program defining the cellular phenotypic state. Based on this view, we propose a computational approach to identify the most likely receptor mediated signaling responsible for transmitting niche signals to the transcriptional regulatory network that maintain cell-specific gene expression patterns, termed as niche determinants. We demonstrate the utility of our method in different stem cell systems by identifying several known and novel niche determinants. Given the key role of niche in several degenerative diseases, identification of niche determinants can aid in developing strategies for potential applications in regenerative medicine. [less ▲]