Role of S100A8/A9 for Cytokine Secretion, Revealed in Neutrophils Derived from ER-Hoxb8 Progenitors

in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2021)

S100A9, a Ca2+-binding protein, is tightly associated to neutrophil pro-inflammatory functions when forming a heterodimer with its S100A8 partner. Upon secretion into the extracellular environment, these ... [more ▼]

S100A9, a Ca2+-binding protein, is tightly associated to neutrophil pro-inflammatory functions when forming a heterodimer with its S100A8 partner. Upon secretion into the extracellular environment, these proteins behave like damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, which actively participate in the amplification of the inflammation process by recruitment and activation of pro-inflammatory cells. Intracellular functions have also been attributed to the S100A8/A9 complex, notably its ability to regulate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation. However, the complete functional spectrum of S100A8/A9 at the intracellular level is far from being understood. In this context, we here investigated the possibility that the absence of intracellular S100A8/A9 is involved in cytokine secretion. To overcome the difficulty of genetically modifying neutrophils, we used murine neutrophils derived from wild-type and S100A9-/- Hoxb8 immortalized myeloid progenitors. After confirming that differentiated Hoxb8 neutrophil-like cells are a suitable model to study neutrophil functions, our data show that absence of S100A8/A9 led to a dysregulation of cytokine secretion after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that S100A8/A9-induced cytokine secretion was regulated by the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. These results were confirmed in human differentiated HL-60 cells, in which S100A9 was inhibited by shRNAs. Finally, our results indicate that the degranulation process could be involved in the regulation of cytokine secretion by S100A8/A9. [less ▲]

miRNAs Regulate Cytokine Secretion Induced by Phosphorylated S100A8/A9 in Neutrophils.

in International journal of molecular sciences (2019), 20(22),

The release of cytokines by neutrophils constitutes an essential process in the development of inflammation by recruiting and activating additional cells. Neutrophils are also able to secrete a complex of ... [more ▼]

The release of cytokines by neutrophils constitutes an essential process in the development of inflammation by recruiting and activating additional cells. Neutrophils are also able to secrete a complex of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins (S100A8/A9), which can amplify the general inflammatory state of the host and is involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). S100A8/A9 have received renewed attention due to their susceptibility to several function-altering post-translational modifications. In that context, it has been recently demonstrated that only the phosphorylated form of S100A8/A9 (S100A8/A9-P) is able to induce the secretion of several cytokines in neutrophils. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which this post-translational modification of S100A8/A9 can regulate the extracellular activity of the protein complex and its impact on the inflammatory functions of neutrophils. We found that S100A8/A9-P are present in large amounts in the synovial fluids from RA patients, highlighting the importance of this form of S100A8/A9 complex in the inflammation process. Using miRNA-sequencing on S100A8/A9-P-stimulated differentiated HL-60 cells, we identified a dysregulation of miR-146a-5p and miR-155-5p expression through TRL4 signaling pathways. Our data reveal that overexpression of these miRNAs in neutrophil-like cells reduces S100A8/A9-P-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. [less ▲]

Secretion of the Phosphorylated Form of S100A9 from Neutrophils Is Essential for the Proinflammatory Functions of Extracellular S100A8/A9.

in Frontiers in immunology (2018), 9

S100A8 and S100A9 are members of the S100 family of cytoplasmic EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding proteins and are abundantly expressed in the cytosol of neutrophils. In addition to their intracellular roles, S100A8 ... [more ▼]

S100A8 and S100A9 are members of the S100 family of cytoplasmic EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding proteins and are abundantly expressed in the cytosol of neutrophils. In addition to their intracellular roles, S100A8/A9 can be secreted in the extracellular environment and are considered as alarmins able to amplify the inflammatory response. The intracellular activity of S100A8/A9 was shown to be regulated by S100A9 phosphorylation, but the importance of this phosphorylation on the extracellular activity of S100A8/A9 has not yet been extensively studied. Our work focuses on the impact of the phosphorylation state of secreted S100A9 on the proinflammatory function of neutrophils. In a first step, we characterized the secretion of S100A8/A9 in different stimulatory conditions and investigated the phosphorylation state of secreted S100A9. Our results on neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 (dHL-60) cells and purified human neutrophils showed a time-dependent secretion of S100A8/A9 when induced by phorbol 12-myristoyl 13-acetate and this secreted S100A9 was found in a phosphorylated form. Second, we evaluated the impact of this phosphorylation on proinflammatory cytokine expression and secretion in dHL-60 cells. Time course experiments with purified unphosphorylated or phosphorylated S100A8/A9 were performed and the expression and secretion levels of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL8 were measured by real-time PCR and cytometry bead array, respectively. Our results demonstrate that only the phosphorylated form of the complex induces proinflammatory cytokine expression and secretion. For the first time, we provide evidence that S100A8/PhosphoS100A9 is inducing cytokine secretion through toll-like receptor 4 signaling. [less ▲]

Role of Calprotectin as a Modulator of the IL27-Mediated Proinflammatory Effect on Endothelial Cells

in Mediators of Inflammation (2015), 2015

An underlying endothelial dysfunction plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events and is the central feature of atherosclerosis. The protein-based communication between ... [more ▼]

An underlying endothelial dysfunction plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events and is the central feature of atherosclerosis. The protein-based communication between leukocytes and inflamed endothelial cells leading to diapedesis has been largely investigated and several key players such as IL6, TNFα, or the damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP) calprotectin are now well identified. However, regarding cytokine IL27, the controversial current knowledge about its inflammatory role and the involved regulatory elements requires clarification. Therefore, we examined the inflammatory impact of IL27 on primary endothelial cells and the potentially modulatory effect of calprotectin on both transcriptome and proteome levels. A qPCR-based screening demonstrated high IL27-mediated gene expression of IL7, IL15, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Calprotectin time-dependent downregulatory effects were observed on IL27-induced IL15 and CXCL10 gene expression. A mass spectrometry-based approach of IL27 ± calprotectin cell stimulation enlightened a calprotectin modulatory role in the expression of 28 proteins, mostly involved in the mechanism of leukocyte transmigration. Furthermore, we showed evidence for STAT1 involvement in this process. Our findings provide new evidence about the IL27-dependent proinflammatory signaling which may be under the control of calprotectin and highlight the need for further investigations on molecules which might have antiatherosclerotic functions. [less ▲]

Could spaceflight-associated immune system weakening preclude the expansion of human presence beyond Earth’s orbit?

in Journal of Leukocyte Biology (2009), 86(5), 1027-1038

This year, we celebrate the 40th birthday of the first landing of humans on the moon. By 2020, astronauts should return to the lunar surface and establish an outpost there that will provide a technical ... [more ▼]

This year, we celebrate the 40th birthday of the first landing of humans on the moon. By 2020, astronauts should return to the lunar surface and establish an outpost there that will provide a technical basis for future manned missions to Mars. This paper summarizes major constraints associated with a trip to Mars, presents immunological hazards associated with this type of mission, and shows that our current understanding of the immunosuppressive effects of spaceflight is limited. Weakening of the immune system associated with spaceflight is therefore an area that should be considered more thoroughly before we undertake prolonged space voyages. [less ▲]

Co-cultures of Human Coronary Smooth Muscle Cells and Dimethyl Sulfoxide-differentiated HL60 Cells Upregulate ProMMP9 Activity and Promote Mobility"”Modulation By Reactive Oxygen Species

in Inflammation (2008)

Vascular cells and leukocytes, involved in the development of atherosclerosis, produce cytokines and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) implicated in cell mobility. We ... [more ▼]

Vascular cells and leukocytes, involved in the development of atherosclerosis, produce cytokines and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) implicated in cell mobility. We investigated by co-culture experiments the effects of human coronary smooth muscle cells (HCSMC) on MMPs characteristics and mobility of neutrophil-like dimethyl sulfoxide-differentiated HL60 cells (≠HL60). The effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were also analyzed. All the studied MMP2 characteristics remained unchanged. HCSMC stimulated MMP9 protein level, activity and mobility of ≠HL60 cells and expressed and secreted a variety of cytokines implicated in atherosclerosis. SOD and catalase increased MMP9 expression, protein level and activity of ≠HL60, but migration of ≠HL60 cells was only decreased by catalase, demonstrating that ROS are more efficient in modulating MMP9 activity of ≠HL60 than their mobility. Finally, HCSMC being able to stimulate ≠HL60, their co-cultures may represent an in vitro approach to study cellular interactions occurring in vivo during atherosclerosis. [less ▲]

Modulation by cADPr of Ca2+ mobilization and oxidative response in dimethylsulfoxide- or retinoic acid-differentiated HL-60 cells

in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (2006), 1763(1), 129-36

In human phagocytic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in response to N-formyl-L-Methionyl-L-Leucyl-L-Phenylalanine (fMLF) is largely dependent on cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2 ... [more ▼]

In human phagocytic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in response to N-formyl-L-Methionyl-L-Leucyl-L-Phenylalanine (fMLF) is largely dependent on cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPr) is able to regulate Ca2+ release from intracellular stores through the ryanodine receptor but its potential role in biological responses has so far not been determined. In this study, we examined whether extracellular and intracellular cADPr is required in fMLF-induced [Ca2+]i rise and consequently in the oxidative response in human neutrophil-like HL-60 cells differentiated with dimethylsulfoxide or all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). We establish that extracellular cADPr cannot elicit [Ca2+]i elevation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that 8-Br-cADPr, a functional antagonist of cADPr, inhibits Ca2+ entry into HL-60 cells differentiated with ATRA and stimulated with fMLF (95+/-4 and 148+/-5 nM respectively, n=3). Finally, we show that this partial inhibition of Ca2+ mobilization is unrelated to ROS production (10.0+/-0.3 vs. 9.6+/-0.5 A.U., n=3). In conclusion, we showed that cADPr can control fMLF-induced Ca2+ influx but is unable to regulate a Ca2+-dependent biological response, i.e. H2O2 production. [less ▲]

Oxidative stress activates MMP-2 in cultured human coronary smooth muscle cells

in Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology (2005), 19(6), 661-7

Oxidative stress is a cardinal feature of the inflammatory process and is involved in various pathologies including atherosclerosis. One of the important mechanisms in which oxidative stress may play a ... [more ▼]

Oxidative stress is a cardinal feature of the inflammatory process and is involved in various pathologies including atherosclerosis. One of the important mechanisms in which oxidative stress may play a role is activation of matrix metalloproteinases such as MMP-2, which are involved in plaque destabilization. We investigated the mechanisms by which oxidative stress induces MMP-2 activation in cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Using zymography and Western blot analysis, we showed that oxidized low-density lipoproteins activate MMP-2 through up-regulation of the expression and activation of a membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). A second mechanism of MMP-2 activation involves oxidative radicals generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase complex (X/Xo). Research on these two mechanisms of MMP activation could lead to the elaboration of new vascular therapies for the treatment of atheroma based on interruption of a specific oxidative stress pathway. [less ▲]

Receptor-independent effects of natural cannabinoids in rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro

in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (2001), 1538(2-3), 252-9

Cannabinoids can activate CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Since a CB(2) mRNA has been described in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC), we investigated a series of cannabinoids and derivatives for their capacity ... [more ▼]

Cannabinoids can activate CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Since a CB(2) mRNA has been described in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC), we investigated a series of cannabinoids and derivatives for their capacity to stimulate RPMC. Effects of natural cannabinoids Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), Delta(8)-THC, endocannabinoids (anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide) and related compounds (N-decanoyl-, N-lauroyl-, N-myristoyl-, N-stearoyl- and N-oleoyl-ethanolamines; N-palmitoyl derivatives (-butylamine, -cyclohexylamine, -isopropylamine); and N-palmitoyl, O-palmitoylethanolamine), and synthetic cannabinoids including WIN 55,212-2, SR141716A and SR144528 were assessed for their capacity to induce histamine release or prime RPMC stimulated by compound 48/80. Only Delta(9)-THC and Delta(8)-THC could induce non-lytic, energy- and concentration-dependent histamine releases from RPMC (respective EC(50) values: 23.5+/-1.2; 53.4+/-20.6 microM, and maxima: 71.2+/-5.5; 55.7+/-2.7% of the total RPMC histamine content). These were not blocked by CB(1) (SR141716A) or CB(2) (SR144528) antagonists, but reduced by pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml). Endocannabinoids and analogues did neither induce histamine secretion, nor prime secretion induced by compound 48/80 (0.2 microg/ml). Delta(9)-THC and Delta(8)-THC induced in vitro histamine secretion from RPMC through CB receptor-independent interactions, partly involving G(i/o) protein activation. [less ▲]

Role of G(i)-proteins in norepinephrine-mediated vasoconstriction in rat tail artery smooth muscle

in Biochemical Pharmacology (2001), 61(9), 1169-75

We showed, in rat de-endothelialised tail artery, that pertussis toxin (PTX) (1 microg/mL, 2 hr) attenuated norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction without modifying intracellular calcium ... [more ▼]

We showed, in rat de-endothelialised tail artery, that pertussis toxin (PTX) (1 microg/mL, 2 hr) attenuated norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction without modifying intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+](i) mobilisation. We suggested the existence of two NE-induced intracellular pathways: a first, which would be insensitive to PTX and lead to [Ca2+](i) mobilisation, and a second sensitive to PTX and involved in the [Ca2+](i) sensitivity of NE-induced contraction. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the existence of the second intracellular pathway. PTX-sensitive G(i/o)-proteins in rat tail artery SMC membrane were identified by immunoblot and ADP-ribosylation. [(32)P]ADP-ribosylation of alpha(i/o)-subunits was demonstrated in situ by perfusing rat de-endothelialised tail artery segments with PTX (1 microg/mL, 2 hr), which suggested that G(i/o)-protein inactivation was involved in the reduction by PTX of the [Ca2+](i) sensitivity of NE-induced contraction. Coupling between G(i/o)-proteins and NE receptors was confirmed by the NE-induced increase in G(i/o)-specific GTPase activity (24.1 +/- 1.9 vs 8.8 +/- 0.4 pmol P(i)/mg protein at 5 min; P < 0.05 vs basal). [(3)H]Prazosin-binding data showed the presence of a heterogeneous alpha(1)-AR population in rat tail artery smooth muscle cells. We demonstrated the in vitro coupling between alpha(1A)-AR subtype and alpha(i)-subunits. In conclusion, we identified, in rat de-endothelialised tail artery, a PTX-sensitive G(i/o)-protein-modulated pathway that is coupled to NE receptors via alpha(1A)-AR. We suggest that NE stimulates two alpha(1)-AR-mediated intracellular pathways: a first, which is mediated by a G(q)-protein and leads to [Ca2+](i) mobilisation and contraction, and a second, which is mediated by a G(i)-protein and is involved in the amplification of the [Ca2+](i) sensitivity of NE-induced tension. [less ▲]